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                <h1 id="Servlet入门学习"><a href="#Servlet入门学习" class="headerlink" title="Servlet入门学习"></a>Servlet入门学习</h1><h2 id="Servlet介绍"><a href="#Servlet介绍" class="headerlink" title="Servlet介绍"></a>Servlet介绍</h2><p>狭义的Servlet是指Java语言实现的一个接口，广义的Servlet是指任何实现了这个Servlet接口的类，一般情况下，人们将Servlet理解为后者。Servlet运行于支持Java的应用服务器中。从原理上讲，Servlet可以响应任何类型的请求，但绝大多数情况下Servlet只用来扩展基于HTTP协议的Web服务器。<br><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/19/NKDsVP.png" alt="Servlet执行流程"></p>
<p>要注意：</p>
<ul>
<li>servlet执行会自动调用service方法</li>
<li>如果没有service方法，则根据发送的请求的类型(get/post)，执行相对应的请求</li>
<li>如果都没有的话会去父类HttpServlet中调用service方法，但是根据源码我们可以得知会报错</li>
<li> 不管是get方式还是post方式的请求，如果Servlet类中有service方法，则优先调用Service方法。 <pre class="line-numbers language-java" data-language="java"><code class="language-java"><span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">service</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">HttpServletRequest</span> req<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">HttpServletResponse</span> resp<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> <span class="token class-name">ServletException</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name">IOException</span> <span class="token punctuation">&#123;</span>
       <span class="token class-name">String</span> method <span class="token operator">=</span> req<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getMethod</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
       <span class="token keyword">long</span> errMsg<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
       <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>method<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">equals</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"GET"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">&#123;</span>
           errMsg <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getLastModified</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>req<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
           <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>errMsg <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1L</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">&#123;</span>
               <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">doGet</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>req<span class="token punctuation">,</span> resp<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
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               <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>ifModifiedSince <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> errMsg <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">1000L</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">1000L</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">&#123;</span>
                   <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">maybeSetLastModified</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>resp<span class="token punctuation">,</span> errMsg<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
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           <span class="token class-name">Object</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> errArgs <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Object</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">&#123;</span>method<span class="token punctuation">&#125;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
           errMsg1 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token class-name">MessageFormat</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">format</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>errMsg1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> errArgs<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
           resp<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sendError</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">501</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> errMsg1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
       <span class="token punctuation">&#125;</span>

   <span class="token punctuation">&#125;</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 id="注解介绍"><a href="#注解介绍" class="headerlink" title="注解介绍"></a>注解介绍</h2><code>@WebServlet</code><blockquote>
<p>在servlet3.0以后，我们可以不用再web.xml里面配置servlet，只需要加上@WebServlet注解就可以修改该servlet的属性了。</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<p>以下是一些注解的属性</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center">属性名</th>
<th align="center">类型</th>
<th align="center">描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center">name</td>
<td align="center">String</td>
<td align="center">指定Servlet 的 name 属性，等价于 <code>&lt;servlet-name&gt;</code>。如果没有显式指定，则该 Servlet 的取值即为类的全限定名</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">value</td>
<td align="center">String[]</td>
<td align="center">该属性等价于 urlPatterns 属性。两个属性不能同时使用</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">urlPatterns</td>
<td align="center">String[]</td>
<td align="center">指定一组 Servlet 的 URL 匹配模式。等价于<code>&lt;url-pattern&gt;</code>标签</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">loadOnStartup</td>
<td align="center">int</td>
<td align="center">指定 Servlet 的加载顺序，等价于 <code>&lt;load-on-startup&gt;</code>标签</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">initParams</td>
<td align="center">WebInitParam[]</td>
<td align="center">指定一组 Servlet 初始化参数，等价于<code>&lt;init-param&gt;</code>标签</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">asyncSupported</td>
<td align="center">boolean</td>
<td align="center">声明 Servlet 是否支持异步操作模式，等价于<code>&lt;async-supported&gt;</code>标签</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">description</td>
<td align="center">String</td>
<td align="center">该 Servlet 的描述信息，等价于 <code>&lt;description&gt;</code>标签</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">displayName</td>
<td align="center">String</td>
<td align="center">该 Servlet 的显示名，通常配合工具使用，等价于<code>&lt;display-name&gt;</code>标签</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 id="request"><a href="#request" class="headerlink" title="request"></a>request</h2><h3 id="作用"><a href="#作用" class="headerlink" title="作用"></a>作用</h3><p>Request对象中封存了当前请求的所有请求信息</p>
<h3 id="使用"><a href="#使用" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</h3><ul>
<li>获取请求行数据<ul>
<li><code>req.getMethod();</code> 获取请求方式</li>
<li><code>req.getRequestURL();</code> 获取请求的URL</li>
<li><code>req.getRequestURI();</code> 获取请求的URI</li>
<li><code>req.getScheme();</code> 获取请求协议</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>获取请求头数据<ul>
<li><code>req.getHeaderNames();</code> 获取请求头的键的枚举</li>
<li><code>req.getHeader(&quot;键名&quot;);</code> 获取指定键的信息</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>获取用户数据<ul>
<li><code>req.getParameter(&quot;键名&quot;);</code> 获取指定键的用户数据</li>
<li><code>req.getParameterValues(&quot;键名&quot;);</code> 获取同键不同值的用户数据（多选），返回类型是数组</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>注意<ul>
<li>如果要获取的请求数据不存在，返回为null</li>
<li>Request对象由tomcat服务器创建，并作为实参传递给处理请求的servlet的service()方法</li>
<li>解决乱码问题：<code>req.setCharacterEncoding(&quot;utf-8&quot;);</code><h2 id="response"><a href="#response" class="headerlink" title="response"></a>response</h2><h3 id="作用-1"><a href="#作用-1" class="headerlink" title="作用"></a>作用</h3>用来响应数据到浏览器的一个对象<h3 id="使用-1"><a href="#使用-1" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</h3></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>设置响应头<ul>
<li><code>setHeader(String name,  String value);</code> 在相应头中添加信息，键名相同会覆盖原有的</li>
<li><code>addHeader(String name, String value);</code> 在响应头中添加响应信息，但是不会覆盖原有的</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>设置响应状态<ul>
<li><code>sendError(int num, String msg);</code> 自定义相应状态码</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>设置响应实体<ul>
<li><code>resp.getWrite().write(String str);</code> 响应具体的数据给浏览器</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>设置响应编码格式<ul>
<li><code>resp.setContentType(&quot;text/html;charset=utf-8&quot;);</code><h2 id="servlet的使用"><a href="#servlet的使用" class="headerlink" title="servlet的使用"></a>servlet的使用</h2></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>创建普通的java类并继承HttpServlet</li>
<li>覆写service方法</li>
<li>在service中编写业务代码<ul>
<li>设置请求编码格式 <code>req.setCharacterEncoding(&quot;utf-8&quot;);</code></li>
<li>设置响应编码格式 <code>resp.setContentType(&quot;text/html;charset=utf-8&quot;);</code></li>
<li>获取请求信息 <code>req.getParameter(&quot;数据的name&quot;)</code></li>
<li>处理请求信息 <code>业务处理,调用service层什么的</code></li>
<li>响应处理结果<br><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/19/NKcJpT.png" alt="重定向与请求转发"><ul>
<li>直接处理 <code>resp.getWriter().write()</code></li>
<li>请求转发 <code>request.getRequsetDispatcher().forward(requset,response)</code><ul>
<li>特点是：一次请求，地址栏信息不改变</li>
<li>通过<code>request.setAttribute(object name,Object value);</code>解决了一次请求内的不同Servlet的数据(请求数据+其他数据)共享问题。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>重定向 <code>response.sendRedirect(&quot;路径&quot;)</code><ul>
<li>特点是：两次请求，request不能共用，地址栏改变，避免表单重复提交</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="cookie"><a href="#cookie" class="headerlink" title="cookie"></a>cookie</h2><h3 id="问题"><a href="#问题" class="headerlink" title="问题"></a>问题</h3><p>解决了发送不同请求的数据共享问题<br><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2020/06/19/NKhz59.png" alt="cookie"></p>
<h3 id="使用-2"><a href="#使用-2" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</h3><pre class="line-numbers language-java" data-language="java"><code class="language-java"><span class="token comment">//创建cookie！！！！</span>
    <span class="token class-name">Cookie</span> cookie <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Cookie</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> name<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> value<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 设置有效期</span>
    cookie<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setMaxAge</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> seconds<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 设置有效路径</span>
    cookie<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setPath</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> uri<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//用resp响应到浏览器中</span>
    resp<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addCookie</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>cookie<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="特点"><a href="#特点" class="headerlink" title="特点"></a>特点</h3><ul>
<li>如果不设置有效期则默认存储在浏览器的内存里，关闭即失效</li>
<li>如果不设置有效路径则任意项目路径请求都含有cookie</li>
<li>如果设置了有效期则存储到客户端的硬盘里，到期自动销毁</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="session"><a href="#session" class="headerlink" title="session"></a>session</h2><h3 id="问题-1"><a href="#问题-1" class="headerlink" title="问题"></a>问题</h3><p>解决一个用户的不同请求处理的数据共享问题</p>
<h3 id="使用-3"><a href="#使用-3" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</h3><pre class="line-numbers language-java" data-language="java"><code class="language-java"><span class="token comment">//创建Session对象</span>
<span class="token class-name">HttpSession</span> session <span class="token operator">=</span> request<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getSession</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//设置session有效期</span>
      session<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setMaxInactiveInterval</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> seconds<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>	
<span class="token comment">//存储到session对象中</span>
session<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setAttribute</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> name<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token class-name">Object</span> valuse<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
      <span class="token comment">//获取session中的数据,返回类型是Object，需要强制转换</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getAttribute</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//强制销毁</span>
      session<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">invalidate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="特点-1"><a href="#特点-1" class="headerlink" title="特点"></a>特点</h3><ul>
<li>有唯一标识sessionId（什么意思呢？就是说你打开浏览器就相当于创建了一个id，关闭就没了）</li>
<li>session解决了同一个用户不同请求的数据共享问题</li>
<li>session的作用域：浏览器不关闭session不失效，则同一用户的任意请求获取的都是同一session<h3 id="设置"><a href="#设置" class="headerlink" title="设置"></a>设置</h3></li>
<li>session默认有效时间为30分钟，可以在tomcat下的web.xml中进行配置</li>
<li>也可以在代码在使用：<code>session.setMaxInactiveInterval(int seconds)</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="ServletContext"><a href="#ServletContext" class="headerlink" title="ServletContext"></a>ServletContext</h2><h3 id="原理"><a href="#原理" class="headerlink" title="原理"></a>原理</h3><p>ServletContext对象由服务器进行创建，一个项目只有一个对象。不管在项目的任意位置进行获取得到的都是同一个对象，那么不同用户发起的请求获取到的也就是同一个对象了，该对象由用户共同拥有。</p>
<h3 id="问题-2"><a href="#问题-2" class="headerlink" title="问题"></a>问题</h3><p>解决了不同用户的数据共享问题</p>
<h3 id="使用-4"><a href="#使用-4" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</h3><pre class="line-numbers language-java" data-language="java"><code class="language-java"><span class="token comment">// 获取ServletContext对象的三种方法</span>
<span class="token class-name">ServletContext</span> sc <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getServletContext</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token class-name">ServletContext</span> sc2 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getServletConfig</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getServletContext</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token class-name">ServletContext</span> sc3 <span class="token operator">=</span> request<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getSession</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getServletContext</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">// 存储用户共享数据到ServletContext中</span>
sc<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setAttribute</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> name<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token class-name">Object</span> value<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">// 获取数据，需要强转</span>
<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>sc<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getAttribute</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">// 获取web.xml中的全局配置属性</span>
sc<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getInitParameter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">// 获取项目web下的资源的绝对路径,获取的路径为项目根目录，path参数为项目根目录中的路径</span>
<span class="token class-name">String</span> path <span class="token operator">=</span> sc<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getRealPath</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> path<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//  获取web下的资源流对象</span>
<span class="token class-name">InputStream</span> is <span class="token operator">=</span> sc<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getResourceAsStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> path<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="特点-2"><a href="#特点-2" class="headerlink" title="特点"></a>特点</h3><p>服务器创建，所有用户共享</p>
<h3 id="生命周期"><a href="#生命周期" class="headerlink" title="生命周期"></a>生命周期</h3><p>服务器启动到服务器关闭</p>
<h2 id="ServletConfig"><a href="#ServletConfig" class="headerlink" title="ServletConfig"></a>ServletConfig</h2><h3 id="作用-2"><a href="#作用-2" class="headerlink" title="作用"></a>作用</h3><p>解决获取在web.xml中给每个servlet单独配置的数据问题</p>
<h3 id="使用-5"><a href="#使用-5" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</h3><pre class="line-numbers language-java" data-language="java"><code class="language-java"><span class="token comment">//获取ServletConfig对象</span>
<span class="token class-name">ServletConfig</span> sc <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getServletConfig</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">// 使用web.xml中的配置数据</span>
sc<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getInitParmeter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span>  name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
                
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